COATING DEFECTS AND SOLUTIONS (BLEEDING)

Bleeding: A change in color of the paint that results from the pigment, or other colored material in the surface beneath the coating, moving upward into the applied film and becoming visible.

Cause:
1.  Contamination, in the form of soluble dyes or pigments (especially red), on the older finish before it was repainted.
2.  Wrong thinner or reducer - too slow.

Prevention:
1.  Thoroughly clean the areas to be painted before and after sanding, especially when applying lighter colors over darker colors. Avoid using lighter colors over older shades of red without applying a sealer first.
2.  Select the thinner or reducer most suitable for existing shop conditions.

Remedy:
Apply a sealer before reapplying the color coat.

To be continued…

Sent in by Richard Soroketa-Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, BSc. Industrial Chemistry, QC Inspector in Coating and Insulation.

WHAT CAN WE DO WITH BOREHOLE IMAGES?

A lot can be done with borehole images. Just a few below;

Structural Interpretation

1.  Near-wellbore structural analysis

2.  Wellbore stability and geomechanical analysis

3.  Fault and fracture characterization

Petrophysical Interpretation

1.  Resistivity log modelling

2.  Net sand and thin bed analysis

Sedimentological Interpretation

1.  Depositional environment and facies identification

2.  Sand body geometry

Some questions that can be answered by borehole imaging applications include:

1.  Did we cross a fault plane / fault zone?

2.  Do we have fractures and are they natural or drilling induced?

3.  Do we have thin beds here?

4.  Can we calculate true stratigraphic depth from these data?

5.  Since I can’t core the entire logged interval, what data can suffice?



A fault striking NW/SE as being  observed from 2D and 3D electrical micro-images. Photo from SPWLA paper, ‘INTEGRATING IMAGING LOGS IN FORMATION EVALUATION’.



COATING DEFECTS AND SOLUTIONS

A contractor applies the final coating to an oil pipeline in Saudi Arabia. Photo from http://www.arabianoilandgas.com

 Paint application seems to be one of those most difficult areas of modeling to master. It is never an exact science, and the number of variables involved and how they affect one another, along with finish quality, can puzzle even an experienced painter. And while a lot of great tips, advice, and techniques show up here on the Board, troubleshooting paint problems, sight unseen, is still pretty difficult.

The lists of the defects are numerous but few of them will be discussed here at the moment. I am particular concerned with those that are more likely to be encountered in the little booth.

The defects to be considered here include:

Bleeding; Blistering; Chalking; Checking; Cracking; Featheredge splitting; Fish eye; Lifting; Mottling; Orange peel; Peeling; Pin holing; Runs and Sags; Solvent popping; etc.

To be continued…

Sent in by Richard Soroketa-Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, BSc. Industrial Chemistry, QC Inspector in Coating and Insulation.

Some Avenues to Get Information on Reservoir Characteristics

1.  Seismic and geological studies

2.  Drilling  and logging while drilling

3.  Wireline formation testing

4.  Flow testing of wells

5.  Analysis of reservoir performance (history matching and simulation)

 



Photo from http://www.geoplex.com



Oil Recovery Methods



Carbon Dioxide EOR. From Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory



Primary Depletion – the reservoir produces under the original reservoir energy, by natural expansion.

Secondary Recovery – the reservoir is supported by injection of water or gas. The injected material does not only help by maintaining reservoir energy, but displaces oil directly.

Tertiary Recovery/Improved Oil Recovery (IOR)/Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) – Methods employed to scoop additional oil that wouldn’t be got from either primary or secondary. Examples are gas injection, thermal, chemical and microbial methods.

Sent in by Juliet Dagogo.

Send your posts (short write-ups with picture) to ndokwuchidi@gmail.com and comment directly on the blog.

The Rush for Oil – Several Attempts to Control the Oil Wealth (4)

OPEC – The formation of OPEC, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, was the first major move by producer countries to take control of their resources. OPEC was formed in 1960 by host countries in protest of perceived royalty and tax cheating by the ‘seven sisters’. The objective was to form national oil companies, restore price to pre-cut level, regulate production and consult on pricing issues.

OPEC was founded in Baghdad, Iraq, by five countries namely Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela. Others joined later: Qatar (1961), Indonesia (1962), Libya (1962), the United Arab Emirates (1967), Algeria (1969), Nigeria (1971), Ecuador (1973), Gabon (1975) and Angola (2007). Ecuador suspended its membership from December 1992 until October 2007, Indonesia suspended its membership effective January 2009, while Gabon terminated its membership in 1995.

Current Minister of Petroleum Resources in Nigeria, Diezani Alison-Madueke, at the World Economic Forum on Africa in 2012. Photo credit: Wikipedia

Health is Wealth

Some say we should drink about 8 glasses of water a day. Others say an adult man should drink about 3.7liters of water, an adult woman should drink about 2.7liters.

My brother definition don plenty, but I believe them sha. I no b doctor oo, but I dey swallow water like mad.

ELEMENTS OF A TYPICAL COATING SPECIFICATION

Coating with the primer after the blasting of the manifold 3



Most specifications are formal, structured documents. What then do you expect to find in a good coating specification? A good coating specification will contain most or all of the following sections, each with information and criteria for the job:

1.      Scope of work: Describes the work to be done and when and where it will be done.

2.      Reference standards and codes: The specification will include a list of published standards referenced by particular sections or parts of the document.

3.      Safety

4.      Pre-job conference: A good specification will require a pre-job conference so that all parties will meet-the owner, contractor, coating supplier and inspectors as to review standards and work procedure for the project. Discussion should include all aspects of the specification but most likely to focus on: 

a.   Scope

b.   Safety practices

c.   Pre-cleaning inspection

d.   Coating materials and handling

e.   Application procedures

f.   Inspection (tools, methods, and sequence)

g.   Contractor submittals

h.   Change order, if any

5.      Surface Preparation: It is generally believed that fully 60 to 80% of all premature coating failures are attributable to inadequate surface preparation. This section is of course a very vital part of the specification.

6.      Coating materials (includes the coating schedule): Selection of coating materials involve matching a coating with the environment and in-service conditions to which it will exposed to. The specifier must be able to assess each area to be coated and rank each according to the anticipated operating conditions; then he determines which coating to use in each environment.

7.      Sampling coatings: The specifier may require the contractor or inspector to take retain samples of the coatings being used on the project. He may have to spell out the sampling procedure including number of samples to be taken labeling procedure, storage requirements etc.

8.      Workmanship: This has to do with the qualification of the work force: blasters, coating applicators etc and has to be in accordance to the principles of good workmanship described in SSPC-PA 1.

9.      Application: This section defines the approved methods of coating application:

a.   Brush

b.   Roller(hand or power-type)

c.   Air spray

d.   Airless spray

e.   Plural component spray

f.   Air –assisted airless spray

g.   Thickness(wet film, dry film)

9.      Work schedule(sequence of work to be done)

10.   Repairs and remedial coating work

11.   Inspection

12.   Documentation

To be continued.

Sent in by Richard Soroketa-Chukwuemeka Nwokocha, BSc. Industrial Chemistry, QC Inspector in Coating and Insulation.



DRY FILM THICKNESS (DFT) CHECK